MAC1 / YMR021C Overview
- Standard Name
- MAC1 1
- Systematic Name
- YMR021C
- SGD ID
- SGD:S000004623
- Aliases
- CUA1 25
- Feature Type
- ORF , Verified
- Description
- Copper-sensing transcription factor; involved in regulation of genes required for high affinity copper transport; required for regulation of yeast copper genes in response to DNA-damaging agents; undergoes changes in redox state in response to changing levels of copper or MMS 1 2 3
- Name Description
- Metal binding ACtivator 1
- Comparative Info
-
Sequence
The S. cerevisiae Reference Genome sequence is derived from laboratory strain S288C. Download DNA or protein sequence, view genomic context and coordinates. Click "Sequence Details" to view all sequence information for this locus, including that for other strains.
Analyze Sequence
S288C only
BLASTN | BLASTP | Design Primers | Restriction Fragment Map | Restriction Fragment Sizes | Six-Frame Translation
S288C vs. other species
BLASTN vs. fungi | BLASTP at NCBI | BLASTP vs. fungi
S288C vs. other strains
Protein
Basic sequence-derived (length, molecular weight, isoelectric point) and experimentally-determined (median abundance, median absolute deviation) protein information. Click "Protein Details" for further information about the protein such as half-life, abundance, domains, domains shared with other proteins, protein sequence retrieval for various strains, physico-chemical properties, protein modification sites, and external identifiers for the protein.
- Length (a.a.)
- 417
- Mol. Weight (Da)
- 46515.2
- Isoelectric Point
- 7.11
- Median Abundance (molecules/cell)
- 759 +/- 735
Alleles
Curated mutant alleles for the specified gene, listed alphabetically. Click on the allele name to open the allele page. Click "SGD search" to view all alleles in search results.
View all MAC1 alleles in SGD search
Gene Ontology
GO Annotations consist of four mandatory components: a gene product, a term from one of the three Gene Ontology (GO) controlled vocabularies (Molecular Function, Biological Process, and Cellular Component), a reference, and an evidence code. SGD has manually curated and high-throughput GO Annotations, both derived from the literature, as well as computational, or predicted, annotations. Click "Gene Ontology Details" to view all GO information and evidence for this locus as well as biological processes it shares with other genes.
- Summary
- Nuclear transcription factor involved in copper ion homeostasis
View computational annotations
Molecular Function
- Manually Curated
Biological Process
- Manually Curated
- involved in intracellular copper ion homeostasis (IMP)
- involved in positive regulation of protein catabolic process (IMP)
- involved in positive regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase II (IDA, IMP)
Phenotype
Phenotype annotations for a gene are curated single mutant phenotypes that require an observable (e.g., "cell shape"), a qualifier (e.g., "abnormal"), a mutant type (e.g., null), strain background, and a reference. In addition, annotations are classified as classical genetics or high-throughput (e.g., large scale survey, systematic mutation set). Whenever possible, allele information and additional details are provided. Click "Phenotype Details" to view all phenotype annotations and evidence for this locus as well as phenotypes it shares with other genes.
Classical Genetics
- null
- anaerobic growth: decreased
- cell cycle progression in G1 phase: delayed
- cell size: decreased
- chemical compound accumulation: abnormal
- chemical compound accumulation: decreased
- chemical compound accumulation: increased
- chronological lifespan: increased
- competitive fitness: decreased
- competitive fitness: increased
- haploinsufficient
- heat sensitivity: increased
- metal resistance: decreased
- mitochondrial morphology: abnormal
- oxidative stress resistance: decreased
- resistance to chemicals: decreased
- resistance to chemicals: increased
- respiratory growth: absent
- respiratory growth: decreased rate
- respiratory growth: increased
- utilization of carbon source: decreased
- utilization of carbon source: decreased rate
- utilization of iron source: decreased
- utilization of nitrogen source: decreased rate
- vacuolar morphology: abnormal
- viable
- overexpression
Large-scale Survey
Interaction
Interaction annotations are curated by BioGRID and include physical or genetic interactions observed between at least two genes. An interaction annotation is composed of the interaction type, name of the interactor, assay type (e.g., Two-Hybrid), annotation type (e.g., manual or high-throughput), and a reference, as well as other experimental details. Click "Interaction Details" to view all interaction annotations and evidence for this locus, including an interaction visualization.
312 total interactions for 286 unique genes
Physical Interactions
- Affinity Capture-MS: 5
- Affinity Capture-RNA: 4
- Affinity Capture-Western: 4
- Biochemical Activity: 1
- Co-localization: 4
- FRET: 1
- Reconstituted Complex: 2
- Two-hybrid: 13
Genetic Interactions
- Dosage Growth Defect: 1
- Dosage Lethality: 1
- Dosage Rescue: 1
- Negative Genetic: 234
- Phenotypic Enhancement: 1
- Phenotypic Suppression: 2
- Positive Genetic: 19
- Synthetic Growth Defect: 12
- Synthetic Lethality: 2
- Synthetic Rescue: 5
Regulation
The number of putative Regulators (genes that regulate it) and Targets (genes it regulates) for the given locus, based on experimental evidence. This evidence includes data generated through high-throughput techniques. Click "Regulation Details" to view all regulation annotations, shared GO enrichment among regulation Targets, and a regulator/target diagram for the locus.
- Summary
- MAC1 encodes a zinc-coordinating transcription factor of the copper fist family that regulates the expression of genes involved in copper homeostasis. In response to low copper levels, Mac1p induces expression of the copper transporters Ctr1p and Ctr3p, the cell-surface metal reductases Fre1p and Fre7p, the beta-lyase IRC7 and the enolase regulate REE1. FRE1 is expressed early and FRE2 is expressed late during copper depletion. Mac1p is also responsible for the peroxide-induced transcription of catalase CTT1. Copper inhibits the activity of Mac1p. Mac1p binds a copper-response element (CuRE), 5'-TTTGC(T/G)C(A/G)-3', in the promoters of target genes. Two CuREs are required for induction by Mac1p, and the spacing between them is important. Mac1p binds single CuREs as a monomer, but binds synergistically to promoters with two or more CuREs. CuRE binding requires copper and phosphorylation of Mac1p and is disrupted by Cu(I) or Ag(I). Mac1p contains two nuclear localization signals, and is found in the nucleus under both copper-starvation and copper abundance. The N-terminal DNA-binding domain recognizes CuREs and requires two Zn(II) ions for DNA-binding activity. Mac1p also has two cysteine-rich domains referred to as Rep I and Rep II that bind a total of eight copper ions. Rep II is a copper-dependent transactivation domain. In the absence of copper, a C-terminal D helix mediates dimerization with other Mac1p molecules to form ternary activation complexes on the promoters of target genes. Nutritional copper levels stabilize Mac1p but cause an intramolecular reaction in which the D helix binds the DNA-binding domain and prevents binding to CuREs, abrogating gene activation. Mac1p is degraded at high copper concentrations. Mac1p also indirectly mediates the degradation of Ctr1p in high copper concentrations. This degradation requires the Mac1p DNA-binding domain. Becuase Mac1p is constitutively localized to the nucleus, it appears that Mac1p activates the transcription of genes required for Ctr1p degradation.
Expression
Expression data are derived from records contained in the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO), and are first log2 transformed and normalized. Referenced datasets may contain one or more condition(s), and as a result there may be a greater number of conditions than datasets represented in a single clickable histogram bar. The histogram division at 0.0 separates the down-regulated (green) conditions and datasets from those that are up-regulated (red). Click "Expression Details" to view all expression annotations and details for this locus, including a visualization of genes that share a similar expression pattern.
Summary Paragraph
A summary of the locus, written by SGD Biocurators following a thorough review of the literature. Links to gene names and curated GO terms are included within the Summary Paragraphs.
Last Updated: 2005-08-24
Literature
All manually curated literature for the specified gene, organized into topics according to their relevance to the gene (Primary Literature, Additional Literature, or Review). Click "Literature Details" to view all literature information for this locus, including shared literature between genes.