The carboxyl-terminal domain (CTD) of eukaryotic RNA polymerase II is the staging platform for numerous proteins involved in transcription initiation, mRNA processing, and general coordination of nuclear events. Concordant with these central roles in cellular metabolism, the consensus sequence, tandemly repeated structure, and core functions of the CTD are conserved across diverse eukaryotic lineages; however, in other eukaryotes, the CTD has been allowed to degenerate completely. Even in groups where the CTD is strongly conserved, genetic analyses and comparative genomic investigations show that a variety of individual substitutions and insertions are permissible. Therefore, the specific functional constraints reflected by the CTD's conservation across much of eukaryotic evolution have remained somewhat puzzling. Here we propose a hypothesis to explain that strong conservation in budding yeast, based on both comparative and experimental evidence. Through genetic complementation for CTD function, we identify 2 sequence elements contained within pairs of heptapeptides, "Y(1)-Y(8)" and "S(2)-S(5)-S(9)," which are required for all essential CTD functions in yeast. The dual requirements of these motifs can account for strong purifying selection on the canonical CTD heptapeptide. Further, in vitro analysis of GST-CTD fusion proteins as substrates for multiple CTD-directed kinases show reduced phosphorylation efficiencies with increased distance between functional units. This indicates that requirements of the RNAP II phosphorylation cycle are most likely responsible for the strong purifying selection on tandemly repeated CTD structure.

• PMID: 18209193
• DOI full text
• PubMed
• PubTator

Reference Type

Journal Article | Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.

Authors

Liu P, Greenleaf AL, Stiller JW

Primary Lit For

Additional Lit For

Review For