To increase ethanol yield and decrease glycerol production in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, the strategies of direct cofactor-regulation were explored. During anaerobic batch fermentations, the yeast expressing Bacillus cereus gapN gene, encoding non-phosphorylating NADP(+)-dependent glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrognease, produced 73.8 g ethanol l(-1), corresponding to 96% of theoretical maximum yield compared to 92% for the wild type. The yeast expressing Escherichia coli frdA gene encoding the NAD(+)-dependent fumarate reductase, exhibited a 22% (relative to the amount of substrate consumed) increase in glycerol yield in medium containing 2 g fumarate l(-1). The yeast expressing mhpF gene, encoding acetylating NAD(+)-dependent acetaldehyde dehydrogenase, produced 74.5 g ethanol l(-1), corresponding to 97.4% of theoretical maximum yield while glycerol decreased by 40% when acetic acid was added before inoculation. This strain represents a promising alternative for ethanol production with lignocellulosic hydrolysates where acetate is available at significant amounts.
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| Evidence ID | Analyze ID | Gene/Complex | Systematic Name/Complex Accession | Qualifier | Gene Ontology Term ID | Gene Ontology Term | Aspect | Annotation Extension | Evidence | Method | Source | Assigned On | Reference |
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| Evidence ID | Analyze ID | Gene | Gene Systematic Name | Phenotype | Experiment Type | Experiment Type Category | Mutant Information | Strain Background | Chemical | Details | Reference |
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| Evidence ID | Analyze ID | Gene | Gene Systematic Name | Disease Ontology Term | Disease Ontology Term ID | Qualifier | Evidence | Method | Source | Assigned On | Reference |
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| Evidence ID | Analyze ID | Regulator | Regulator Systematic Name | Target | Target Systematic Name | Direction | Regulation of | Happens During | Regulator Type | Direction | Regulation Of | Happens During | Method | Evidence | Strain Background | Reference |
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| Site | Modification | Modifier | Source | Reference |
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| Evidence ID | Analyze ID | Interactor | Interactor Systematic Name | Interactor | Interactor Systematic Name | Allele | Assay | Annotation | Action | Phenotype | SGA score | P-value | Source | Reference | Note |
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| Evidence ID | Analyze ID | Interactor | Interactor Systematic Name | Interactor | Interactor Systematic Name | Assay | Annotation | Action | Modification | Source | Reference | Note |
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| Complement ID | Locus ID | Gene | Species | Gene ID | Strain background | Direction | Details | Source | Reference |
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| Evidence ID | Analyze ID | Dataset | Description | Keywords | Number of Conditions | Reference |
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