The vacuolar ATPase (V-ATPase) is a rotary motor proton pump that is regulated by an assembly equilibrium between active holoenzyme and autoinhibited V₁ -ATPase and V_o proton channel subcomplexes. Here, we report cryo-EM structures of yeast V-ATPase assembled in vitro from lipid nanodisc reconstituted V_o and mutant V₁ . Our analysis identified holoenzymes in three active rotary states, indicating that binding of V₁ to V_o provides sufficient free energy to overcome V_o autoinhibition. Moreover, the structures suggest that the unequal spacing of V_o 's proton-carrying glutamic acid residues serves to alleviate the symmetry mismatch between V₁ and V_o motors, a notion that is supported by mutagenesis experiments. We also uncover a structure of free V₁ bound to Oxr1, a conserved but poorly characterized factor involved in the oxidative stress response. Biochemical experiments show that Oxr1 inhibits V₁ -ATPase and causes disassembly of the holoenzyme, suggesting that Oxr1 plays a direct role in V-ATPase regulation.

• PMID: 34918374
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Journal Article | Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural | Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't

Authors

Khan MM, Lee S, Couoh-Cardel S, Oot RA, Kim H, Wilkens S, Roh SH

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