Relatively little is known about ATP synthase structure in protists, and the investigated ones exhibit divergent structures distinct from yeast or animals. To clarify the subunit composition of ATP synthases across all eukaryotic lineages, we used homology detection techniques and molecular modeling tools to identify an ancestral set of 17 ATP synthase subunits. Most eukaryotes possess an ATP synthase comparable to those of animals and fungi, while some have undergone drastic divergence (e.g., ciliates, myzozoans, euglenozoans). Additionally, a ∼1 billion-year-old gene fusion between ATP synthase stator subunits was identified as a synapomorphy of the SAR (Stramenopila, Alveolata, Rhizaria) supergroup (stramenopile, alveolate, rhizaria). Our comparative approach highlights the persistence of ancestral subunits even amidst major structural changes. We conclude by urging that more ATP synthase structures (e.g., from jakobids, heteroloboseans, stramenopiles, rhizarians) are needed to provide a complete picture of the evolution of the structural diversity of this ancient and essential complex.
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| Evidence ID | Analyze ID | Gene/Complex | Systematic Name/Complex Accession | Qualifier | Gene Ontology Term ID | Gene Ontology Term | Aspect | Annotation Extension | Evidence | Method | Source | Assigned On | Reference |
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| Evidence ID | Analyze ID | Gene | Gene Systematic Name | Phenotype | Experiment Type | Experiment Type Category | Mutant Information | Strain Background | Chemical | Details | Reference |
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| Evidence ID | Analyze ID | Gene | Gene Systematic Name | Disease Ontology Term | Disease Ontology Term ID | Qualifier | Evidence | Method | Source | Assigned On | Reference |
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| Evidence ID | Analyze ID | Regulator | Regulator Systematic Name | Target | Target Systematic Name | Direction | Regulation of | Happens During | Regulator Type | Direction | Regulation Of | Happens During | Method | Evidence | Strain Background | Reference |
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| Site | Modification | Modifier | Source | Reference |
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| Evidence ID | Analyze ID | Interactor | Interactor Systematic Name | Interactor | Interactor Systematic Name | Allele | Assay | Annotation | Action | Phenotype | SGA score | P-value | Source | Reference | Note |
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| Evidence ID | Analyze ID | Interactor | Interactor Systematic Name | Interactor | Interactor Systematic Name | Assay | Annotation | Action | Modification | Source | Reference | Note |
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| Complement ID | Locus ID | Gene | Species | Gene ID | Strain background | Direction | Details | Source | Reference |
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| Evidence ID | Analyze ID | Dataset | Description | Keywords | Number of Conditions | Reference |
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| Evidence ID | Analyze ID | File | Description |
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