Glutathione (GSH), a ubiquitous bioactive tripeptide, plays a central role in antioxidant defense, detoxification, and cellular metabolism. This review highlights advanced strategies to enhance GSH production, emphasizing strain improvement via traditional mutagenesis and genetic engineering. Optimization of microbial fermentation through carbon source selection, amino acid precursors, and ATP regeneration combined with metabolic engineering approaches, has significantly improved GSH yields in Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Escherichia coli. Clinically, GSH is used in managing liver diseases, oxidative stress, and immune dysfunction. Emerging applications, particularly in oncology, show promise. This review also compares production methods such as chemical synthesis, enzymatic catalysis, and microbial fermentation, highlighting microbial fermentation for its sustainability, cost-efficiency, and scalability. Future research should focus on refining detection methods, elucidating GSH's therapeutic mechanisms, and broadening its applications across pharmaceuticals, nutrition, and cosmetics.
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| Evidence ID | Analyze ID | Gene/Complex | Systematic Name/Complex Accession | Qualifier | Gene Ontology Term ID | Gene Ontology Term | Aspect | Annotation Extension | Evidence | Method | Source | Assigned On | Reference |
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| Evidence ID | Analyze ID | Gene | Gene Systematic Name | Phenotype | Experiment Type | Experiment Type Category | Mutant Information | Strain Background | Chemical | Details | Reference |
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| Evidence ID | Analyze ID | Gene | Gene Systematic Name | Disease Ontology Term | Disease Ontology Term ID | Qualifier | Evidence | Method | Source | Assigned On | Reference |
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| Evidence ID | Analyze ID | Regulator | Regulator Systematic Name | Target | Target Systematic Name | Direction | Regulation of | Happens During | Regulator Type | Direction | Regulation Of | Happens During | Method | Evidence | Strain Background | Reference |
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| Site | Modification | Modifier | Source | Reference |
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| Evidence ID | Analyze ID | Interactor | Interactor Systematic Name | Interactor | Interactor Systematic Name | Allele | Assay | Annotation | Action | Phenotype | SGA score | P-value | Source | Reference | Note |
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Increase the total number of rows showing on this page by using the pull-down located below the table, or use the page scroll at the table's top right to browse through the table's pages; use the arrows to the right of a column header to sort by that column; filter the table using the "Filter" box at the top of the table; click on the small "i" buttons located within a cell for an annotation to view further details about experiment type and any other genes involved in the interaction.
| Evidence ID | Analyze ID | Interactor | Interactor Systematic Name | Interactor | Interactor Systematic Name | Assay | Annotation | Action | Modification | Source | Reference | Note |
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| Complement ID | Locus ID | Gene | Species | Gene ID | Strain background | Direction | Details | Source | Reference |
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| Evidence ID | Analyze ID | Dataset | Description | Keywords | Number of Conditions | Reference |
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