The interactions between Saccharomyces cerevisiae and non-Saccharomyces yeasts through secreted metabolites play a crucial role in shaping wine aroma profiles, yet the underlying mechanisms remain inadequately understood. This study used a cell/medium separation strategy coupled with transcriptomic and metabolomic analyses to elucidate the influence of S. cerevisiae metabolites on aroma biosynthesis in Torulaspora delbrueckii during wine fermentation. Results demonstrated that S. cerevisiae metabolites inhibited the growth of T. delbrueckii and suppressed the production of several key volatile compounds, including ethyl acetate, ethyl butanoate, and 2-phenylethyl alcohol. Transcriptome analysis revealed significant downregulation of essential genes involved in aroma synthesis pathways in T. delbrueckii, particularly EHT1/EEB1, ARO10, ADH3, HOM2, FAS1, and FAS2. Untargeted metabolomic profiling identified 867 metabolites, with five differentially produced metabolites from S. cerevisiae significantly affecting aroma formation in T. delbrueckii. Notably, adenosine (ADO), glycerophosphocholine (GPC), and 2-hydroxyisocaproic acid (HIA) enhanced the production of ethyl decanoate (237.63 %) and 2-phenylethyl alcohol (29.06 %), while N-octanoylglycine (NOG) increased the production of ethyl octanoate (229.29 %) and octanoic acid (219.36 %). Importantly, indole-3-carboxaldehyde (ICA) exhibited significant inhibitory effects on T. delbrueckii growth and reduced concentrations of most aroma compounds. These findings provide novel insights into the metabolic interactions between yeasts during wine fermentation and offer winemakers strategic approaches for the targeted modulation of wine aromatic characteristics.
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| Evidence ID | Analyze ID | Gene/Complex | Systematic Name/Complex Accession | Qualifier | Gene Ontology Term ID | Gene Ontology Term | Aspect | Annotation Extension | Evidence | Method | Source | Assigned On | Reference |
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| Evidence ID | Analyze ID | Gene | Gene Systematic Name | Phenotype | Experiment Type | Experiment Type Category | Mutant Information | Strain Background | Chemical | Details | Reference |
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| Evidence ID | Analyze ID | Gene | Gene Systematic Name | Disease Ontology Term | Disease Ontology Term ID | Qualifier | Evidence | Method | Source | Assigned On | Reference |
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| Evidence ID | Analyze ID | Regulator | Regulator Systematic Name | Target | Target Systematic Name | Direction | Regulation of | Happens During | Regulator Type | Direction | Regulation Of | Happens During | Method | Evidence | Strain Background | Reference |
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| Site | Modification | Modifier | Source | Reference |
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| Evidence ID | Analyze ID | Interactor | Interactor Systematic Name | Interactor | Interactor Systematic Name | Allele | Assay | Annotation | Action | Phenotype | SGA score | P-value | Source | Reference | Note |
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| Evidence ID | Analyze ID | Interactor | Interactor Systematic Name | Interactor | Interactor Systematic Name | Assay | Annotation | Action | Modification | Source | Reference | Note |
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| Complement ID | Locus ID | Gene | Species | Gene ID | Strain background | Direction | Details | Source | Reference |
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| Evidence ID | Analyze ID | Dataset | Description | Keywords | Number of Conditions | Reference |
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