AKR1 / YDR264C Overview
- Standard Name
- AKR1 1
- Systematic Name
- YDR264C
- SGD ID
- SGD:S000002672
- Feature Type
- ORF , Verified
- Description
- Palmitoyl transferase involved in protein palmitoylation; acts as a negative regulator of pheromone response pathway; required for endocytosis of pheromone receptors; involved in cell shape control; contains ankyrin repeats; AKR1 has a paralog, AKR2, that arose from the whole genome duplication; any of several human homologs encoding DHHC-type zinc fingers (ZDHHC) can complement temperature sensitivity of yeast akr1 null mutant 2 3 4
- Name Description
- AnKyrin Repeat containing 1
- Paralog
- AKR2 4
- Comparative Info
-
Sequence
The S. cerevisiae Reference Genome sequence is derived from laboratory strain S288C. Download DNA or protein sequence, view genomic context and coordinates. Click "Sequence Details" to view all sequence information for this locus, including that for other strains.
- Summary
- AKR1 has a paralog, AKR2, that arose from the whole genome duplication
Analyze Sequence
S288C only
BLASTN | BLASTP | Design Primers | Restriction Fragment Map | Restriction Fragment Sizes | Six-Frame Translation
S288C vs. other species
BLASTN vs. fungi | BLASTP at NCBI | BLASTP vs. fungi
S288C vs. other strains
Protein
Basic sequence-derived (length, molecular weight, isoelectric point) and experimentally-determined (median abundance, median absolute deviation) protein information. Click "Protein Details" for further information about the protein such as half-life, abundance, domains, domains shared with other proteins, protein sequence retrieval for various strains, physico-chemical properties, protein modification sites, and external identifiers for the protein.
- Length (a.a.)
- 764
- Mol. Weight (Da)
- 85818.7
- Isoelectric Point
- 5.48
- Median Abundance (molecules/cell)
- 4094 +/- 1070
- Half-life (hr)
- 10.0
Alleles
Curated mutant alleles for the specified gene, listed alphabetically. Click on the allele name to open the allele page. Click "SGD search" to view all alleles in search results.
View all AKR1 alleles in SGD search
Gene Ontology
GO Annotations consist of four mandatory components: a gene product, a term from one of the three Gene Ontology (GO) controlled vocabularies (Molecular Function, Biological Process, and Cellular Component), a reference, and an evidence code. SGD has manually curated and high-throughput GO Annotations, both derived from the literature, as well as computational, or predicted, annotations. Click "Gene Ontology Details" to view all GO information and evidence for this locus as well as biological processes it shares with other genes.
- Summary
- Palmitoyltransferase involved in the regulation of mating and endocytosis; localizes to the Golgi; anchors sphinganine kinase LCB4 to membrane via palmitoylation
View computational annotations
Molecular Function
- Manually Curated
- enables G-protein beta/gamma-subunit complex binding (IPI)
- enables palmitoyltransferase activity (IDA)
- enables zinc ion binding (RCA)
Biological Process
- Manually Curated
- involved in negative regulation of pheromone-dependent signal transduction involved in conjugation with cellular fusion (IGI, IMP)
- involved in protein palmitoylation (IMP, IDA)
- involved in protein targeting to membrane (IMP)
- involved in regulation of endocytosis (IMP)
Cellular Component
- Manually Curated
- located in Golgi apparatus (IDA)
Phenotype
Phenotype annotations for a gene are curated single mutant phenotypes that require an observable (e.g., "cell shape"), a qualifier (e.g., "abnormal"), a mutant type (e.g., null), strain background, and a reference. In addition, annotations are classified as classical genetics or high-throughput (e.g., large scale survey, systematic mutation set). Whenever possible, allele information and additional details are provided. Click "Phenotype Details" to view all phenotype annotations and evidence for this locus as well as phenotypes it shares with other genes.
- Summary
- Non-essential gene; null mutation causes reduced protein palmitoylation, abnormal cell morphology (enlarged cells and elongated buds), decreased sporulation and respiratory growth; in large-scale studies null mutant is haploinsufficient and shows decreased competitive fitness; overexpression results in slow growth
Classical Genetics
- null
- acid pH resistance: decreased
- bud morphology: abnormal
- cell size: increased
- chemical compound accumulation: abnormal
- chemical compound excretion: increased
- cold sensitivity: increased
- competitive fitness: decreased
- fermentative growth: decreased rate
- freeze-thaw resistance: decreased
- haploinsufficient
- heat sensitivity: increased
- hydrostatic pressure resistance: decreased
- hyperosmotic stress resistance: decreased
- metal resistance: decreased
- metal resistance: increased
- protein/peptide distribution: abnormal
- resistance to chemicals: decreased
- resistance to chemicals: increased
- resistance to enzymatic treatment: decreased
- respiratory growth: absent
- respiratory growth: decreased
- sporulation: decreased
- toxin resistance: decreased
- transposable element transposition: decreased
- utilization of carbon source: decreased
- utilization of phosphorus source: decreased
- vegetative growth: decreased rate
- viable
- overexpression
Large-scale Survey
Interaction
Interaction annotations are curated by BioGRID and include physical or genetic interactions observed between at least two genes. An interaction annotation is composed of the interaction type, name of the interactor, assay type (e.g., Two-Hybrid), annotation type (e.g., manual or high-throughput), and a reference, as well as other experimental details. Click "Interaction Details" to view all interaction annotations and evidence for this locus, including an interaction visualization.
- Summary
- The akr1 null mutant is viable; the null mutant of paralog akr2 is viable; the akr1 akr2 double mutant has not been annotated for phenotype.
261 total interactions for 213 unique genes
Physical Interactions
- Affinity Capture-MS: 47
- Affinity Capture-RNA: 6
- Biochemical Activity: 6
- Co-localization: 1
- Co-purification: 2
- PCA: 23
- Two-hybrid: 9
Genetic Interactions
- Dosage Rescue: 1
- Negative Genetic: 137
- Phenotypic Suppression: 1
- Positive Genetic: 13
- Synthetic Growth Defect: 4
- Synthetic Lethality: 3
- Synthetic Rescue: 8
Regulation
The number of putative Regulators (genes that regulate it) and Targets (genes it regulates) for the given locus, based on experimental evidence. This evidence includes data generated through high-throughput techniques. Click "Regulation Details" to view all regulation annotations, shared GO enrichment among regulation Targets, and a regulator/target diagram for the locus.
- Summary
- AKR1 encodes a palmitoyltransferase (protein S-acyl transferase) that covalently attaches a palmitoyl group to proteins via a thioester linkage to cysteine residues. Palmitoylation provides membrane tethering for multiple proteins, including proteins involved in signaling pathways, vesicular trafficking, amino acid transport, lipid metabolism, and many others. Akr1p has six ankyrin repeats within its N-terminal hydrophilic domain, six predicted transmembrane domains, and a DHHC cysteine-rich domain that is required for the enzymatic activity. Akr1p is itself palmitoylated; Akr1p molecules appear to palmitoylate each other and this modification increases the cellular levels of Akr1p. Genetic analysis has shown a role of Akr1p as a negative regulator of the pheromone response pathway. Activation of this pathway is triggered by binding of a-factor pheromone to Ste3p, a G-protein coupled receptor (GPCR) in the plasma membrane. This binding activates a heterotrimeric G-protein signaling that in turn activates a cascade of mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinases Ste20p, Ste11p, Ste7p, Fus3p, that regulate the mating response. An essential step in this signaling pathway is recycling of the ligand-bound receptor Ste3p by endocytosis, which is triggered by phosphorylation of Ste3p by a type I casein kinase Yck2p. Yck2p, and its functionally redundant isoform Yck1p, are among the specific targets of Akr1p and therefore depend on Akr1p for their membrane localization. Thus, decreased function of Akr1p leads to defective recycling of Ste3p, increased activity of G-protein signaling and stimulation of the pheromone response pathway, even in the absence of mating pheromones.
Expression
Expression data are derived from records contained in the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO), and are first log2 transformed and normalized. Referenced datasets may contain one or more condition(s), and as a result there may be a greater number of conditions than datasets represented in a single clickable histogram bar. The histogram division at 0.0 separates the down-regulated (green) conditions and datasets from those that are up-regulated (red). Click "Expression Details" to view all expression annotations and details for this locus, including a visualization of genes that share a similar expression pattern.
Literature
All manually curated literature for the specified gene, organized into topics according to their relevance to the gene (Primary Literature, Additional Literature, or Review). Click "Literature Details" to view all literature information for this locus, including shared literature between genes.