New & Noteworthy

Educational Resources on the SGD Community Wiki

February 21, 2014

Did you know you can find and contribute teaching and other educational resources to SGD? We have updated our Educational Resources page, found on the SGD Community Wiki. There are links to teaching resources such as classroom materials, courses, and fun sites, as well as pointers to books, dedicated learning sites, and tutorials that can help you learn more about basic genetics. Many thanks to Dr. Erin Strome and Dr. Bethany Bowling of Northern Kentucky University for being the first to contribute to this updated site by providing a series of Bioinformatics Project Modules designed to introduce undergraduates to using SGD and other bioinformatics resources.

We would like to encourage others to contribute additional teaching or general educational resources to this page. To do so, just request a wiki account by contacting us at the SGD Help desk – you will then be able to edit the SGD Community Wiki. If you prefer, we would also be happy to assist you directly with these edits.

Note that there are many other types of information you can add to the SGD Community Wiki, including information about your favorite genes, protocols, upcoming meetings, and job postings. The Community Wiki can be accessed from most SGD pages by clicking on “Community” on the main menu bar and selecting “Wiki.” The Educational Resources page is linked from the left menu bar under “Resources” from all the SGD Community Wiki pages. For more information on this newly updated page, please view the video below, “Educational Resources on the SGD Community Wiki.”

Categories: New Data, Website changes

Tags: educational, genetics, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, teaching

Cancer’s Chromosomal Chaos Explained (Partly)

June 01, 2012

One reason cancer is so tricky to treat has to do with its adaptability.  It can quickly try out new genetic combinations until it hits upon one that can survive whatever treatment a doctor is currently throwing at it.  The result is return of the cancer after remission.

One way cancer is able to change its genetics so rapidly has to do with chromosome instability.  The number of chromosomes in a cancer cell is much less stable than in a normal cell.  This allows the cancer cell to constantly explore a wide range of chromosomal combinations.

It is still an open question how this dynamic instability happens.  The gene-centric theory suggests that mutations in key genes are the main driving force.  The chromosome-centric model says that having the wrong number of chromosomes is the critical component.

Distinguishing between these two models using cancer cells has proven difficult because these cells always have mutated genes.  There is simply no way to look at just chromosome numbers in this system.  This is where yeast can help.

In a recent paper published in PLoS Genetics, Zhu and coworkers used yeast to explore whether altered chromosome number was sufficient to explain chromosome instability.  They found that chromosome numbers alone can explain some but not all of chromosomal instability.

The authors created various chromosomal combinations in yeast by sporulating isogenic triploid yeast cells.  These cells had different numbers of genetically identical chromosomes.  They then explored the stability of each chromosome number combination using both FACS and qPCR.

What they found was that chromosome number certainly impacted chromosomal stability.  Chromosome number became less and less stable as the chromosome number veered further and further from the haploid state.  Of course, once the cells became diploid, stability returned. 

The authors explain this with the idea that there is only so much cellular machinery to move chromosomes to the proper place during mitosis.  As more and more chromosomes are added to the cell, the machinery becomes increasingly taxed, resulting in more and more errors. 

But once the diploid state is reached, all the genes are present to make twice as much mitotic machinery.  Now stable chromosome segregation can happen.

This was the broad pattern Zhu and coworkers observed but it certainly wasn’t the whole story.  The authors found islands of stability in the chromosomal chaos. 

For example, very often when there were equal numbers of chromosome VII (ChrVII) and chromosome X (ChrX), the chromosome number was more stable than predicted.   They explored this further and found evidence that suggested that at least part of this was due to the MAD1 gene on ChrVII and the MAD2 gene on ChrX. 

Stable chromosome numbers required that these genes be present in a 1:1 ratio.  Once the ratio strayed from one, chromosomal instability increased.  But these genes don’t explain everything.  There were unstable combinations where the MAD1/MAD2 ratio was correct.  As might be expected, there are other gene combinations that can lead to instability as well.

So incorrect chromosome number alone can explain the chromosomal instability seen in cancer cells.  But genes clearly play a role too, as evidenced by the islands of stability and the MAD1 gene and MAD2 genes.  As usual, reality is probably a combination of the two models. 

So it looks like chromosome number does play an important role in chromosomal instability.  Too many chromosomes may overtax the mitotic machinery so that chromosomes end up mis-segregated.

by D. Barry Starr, Ph.D., Director of Outreach Activities, Stanford Genetics

Categories: Research Spotlight, Yeast and Human Disease

Tags: cancer, chromosomal instability, chromosome, genetics, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, yeast

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